The Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory Of Effective...

The Anxiety/Uncertainty Management Theory of Effective Communication is to explain how managing uncertainty and anxiety help achieve effective communication with â€Å"strangers†. The theory argues that most of our communication involves both interpersonal and intergroup processes, but communication with outgroup members has more intergroup than interpersonal factors, which causes higher uncertainty and anxiety. Managing uncertainty and anxiety is a main contribution to effective communication (e.g., measured by mutual understanding) given that they mediate other superficial factors that influence effective communication. Effective communication requires that both uncertainty and anxiety be between our minimum and maximum thresholds, and we should have mindfulness which involves creating new categories, being open to new information and aware of different perspectives. Uncertainty is our cognitive phenomenon which prevents us from predicting strangers’ attitudes, behavi ors and thoughts. Where our uncertainty is above maximum, we do not have confidence in predicting strangers’ behaviors. Where our uncertainty is below minimum, we do not pay attention to cues to potential misunderstanding. Anxiety is an affective phenomenon which prevents effective communication with strangers. Where our anxiety is above maximum, we do not feel comfortable and process information based on our negative stereotypes in intergroup interactions. Where our anxiety is below minimum, we do not have anyShow MoreRelated William Gudykunsts Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory Essay530 Words   |  3 PagesGudykunsts Anxiety / Uncertainty Management Theory Everyone has experienced cross cultural differences one-way or the other. Even if you have not been to another country, you probably have experienced the frustration, nervousness, or difficulty in communicating with someone from a different culture. Dealing with the difference in slang, dialects, and overall cultural diversity, can be a very difficult situation to manage. Seeing these problems, William Gudykunst developed his Anxiety/ UncertaintyRead MoreUncertainty Management Theory Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesConcept 1—Uncertainty. Uncertainty is the cognitive occurrence of a person’s inability to predict or explain both one’s own or others’ behavior, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, and etc. (CITE) Essentially, it is a person’s thought processes of not being able to fully and completely know what to expect during an interaction. This concept is usually discussed in conjunction with anxiety when evaluating its relationship with effective communication (communication in which misunderstandings are minimized)Read MoreWhen Cultures Collide Essay874 Words   |  4 Pageshas become an important part of the American commerce, which communication plays an important role in reducing the negative impacts. While Schweiger agrees that failure to communicate with employees during a merger will increase employee uncertainty a nd anxiety, he highlights that previous researchers (Napier et al., 1989) did not measure uncertainty nor any of the supposed dysfunctional outcomes said to follow uncertainty. Communication is also suggested by others to be avoided, as it might alertRead MoreHow Poor Intercultural Communication Affects International Commerce and Foreign Policy1450 Words   |  6 PagesIntercultural Communication Affecting International Commerce and Foreign Policy: France Opposes Turkey Entering the European Union Communication within one cultural group sharing traditions and national or regional identity is often effortless. The social and cultural meanings between the same cultures in regard to communication are understood the way they are intended. When discourse happens within members of the same social groups; they will communicate, talk, discuss in similar places thatRead MoreThe Communication Theory Of Uncertainty Reduction Theory3089 Words   |  13 Pagespeople will come with dealing with uncertainty jitters. This research looks at the different critiques by communication scholars on the communication theory of Uncertainty Reduction Theory. Uncertainty Reduction Theory is a communication theory that came about through the research of Charles Berger from the post-positivist tradition. Charles Berger through Uncertainty Reduction Theory proposes that the beginnings of personal relationships are filled with uncertainties. Berger suggests that anticipationRead MoreCommunication Plan1637 Words   |  7 PagesCOMMUNICATION PLAN Communication Plan Frieder Vasquez Davenport University Abstract Communication plans are imperative in business when needing to establish objectives and to reach goals. In the process, effective methods of communication can be used to facilitate that the messages will arrive to target audiences. In the present scenario, it was confirmed how strong communication plans are the tools to better facilitate processes as sensitive as merging companies. This merger is by itselfRead MoreThe Effects Of Stress On The Workplace1398 Words   |  6 Pagesemotional pressure. Pressure turns into stress when one feels unable to cope. For workers everywhere, the economy may feel like an emotional roller coaster. Layoffs and budget cuts are common in the workplace, and the result is increased fear, uncertainty, and higher levels of stress ( Jeanne Segal, Melinda Smith, Lawrence Robinson, and Robert Segal, 2015). Symptoms of Stress These are some of the symptoms of stress: Truancy, getting away from work obligations, arriving late, leaving early. DisintegrationRead MoreCulture, Communication, And Intercultural Communication1873 Words   |  8 PagesKEY CONCEPTS Culture, Communication, and Intercultural Communication Generally, culture is conceptualized as a shared way of life, developed and shared by a group of people and transmitted from generation to generation (Tubbs and Moss, 1994). Culture embodies elements such as beliefs, values, language, political systems, etc. which together give a group its characteristics (Griffin, 2000; Tubbs and Moss, 1994). These characteristics are not imposed by one individual, but rather as a group and areRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe field of organizational behavior systematically studies these attitudes and behavior and provides advice about how organizations can manage them effectively. The goals of the field include the prediction, explanation, and management of organizational behavior. Management is the art of getting things accomplished in organizations through others. It consists of acquiring, allocating, and utilizing physical and human resources to accomplish goals. Personality is important for organizational behaviorRead MoreEssay on Business Communication Quarterly 2013 F5948 Words   |  24 Pagesï » ¿Business Communication Quarterly http://bcq.sagepub.com/ Intercultural Communication Apprehension and Emotional Intelligence in Higher Education: Preparing Business Students for Career Success Lisa T. Fall, Stephanie Kelly, Patrick MacDonald, Charles Primm and Whitney Holmes Business Communication Quarterly 2013 76: 412 originally published online 18 September 2013 DOI: 10.1177/1080569913501861 The online version of this article can be found at: http://bcq.sagepub.com/content/76/4/412

Women s Rights And Equality - 1135 Words

In an ideal world, every single person lives according to their own choices. Oh, wait a second, we do live in a country with laws ensuring this. The laws allowing each American’s freedom to choose does not include the exact definition of gender roles because each person should be free to choose. The definition of equality inquires that all genders have the same rights and opportunities. According to law women are able to work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society. The 1st amendment reassures all Americans these freedoms. It does not assure that women can work, talk, dress, act, and express freely in society without concern of being socially accepted. We deserve the same rights men have had since the beginning of time. In the†¦show more content†¦Now that women have been more involved in the workforce as time actively goes by; the picture painted of a housewife has not gone away. Women are still supposed to go to work all day, make dinner, do laundry, clean the house. Yet, men claim to be the â€Å"stronger† gender? Yah right. Another restriction called Glass ceiling is holding ladies back; painting the line that separates equality darker. The glass ceiling is a metaphor that allows men to always be paid more than women. The image of women and their duties must change. Careers are far from the only restrictions women encounter on our journey to equality. In addition; we all love to eat. When women eat we are judged based on what we eat, how we eat, and how much we eat. I remember in middle school I felt very self-conscious about eating in front of people because I didn’t want anyone to criticize my eating, so I wouldn’t eat. It likely affected my health at the time. This is actually how many women feel; especially if your weight is not what society feels is correct. I just wanted to feel comfortable, and I couldn’t. It is the stereotype women bear to look optimal and good enough for men; that leads us to h arsh measures. Our role isn’t to feel uncomfortable in public, but, confident. The non-stop pressure put upon us makes our lives even harder to take on. Societies views are very powerful. Judgments that our culture has composed reflects onShow MoreRelatedWomen s Right For Equality1467 Words   |  6 Pagessociety there is a need for equality for men and women, we must allow our well-being to achieve success. Researchers have been doing research on society to find the dissimilarities between women and men. We as women are by far the largest minority in the United States. I could relate the most important social, political and economic trends of the century, upon the achievements, as well as their missteps. Though we are making an effort to improve women s right for equality, the American dream isRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1020 Words   |  5 Pagesrun the world? Girls,† is an iconic lyric from Beyonce s â€Å"Run the World,† and may give the impre ssion that women have been dominating the world, just like men. What a listener will not hear in â€Å"Run the World† is how long it took and how much effort it took just to give women the slight feeling of equality that they have today. The rights women have now would not be in place without the feminist movement, starting in the 1960s. In the 60s, women began to take action, believing that the phrase, â€Å"allRead MoreWomen s Rights And Equality1132 Words   |  5 PagesAlthough women’s rights and equality is progressing in the United States, there are progressing countries trying to achieve their overall gender index rank, which measures the human development of a country. From 2006 to 2014, Egypt s inequality gender gap index rank has increased significantly from 109 to 129 out of 173 countries of the world (Bekhouche, Hausmann, Tyson, Zahidi). During Ancient Egypt, women and men had the same rights to resources such as personal health, work, and education. ButR ead MoreWomen s Rights, Equality, And Opportunities1269 Words   |  6 PagesEquality. The state of being equal, especially in status, rights, and opportunities. A simple concept yet so hard to achieve between sexes. Throughout history women have always been the minority and marginalized. They were thought of only being a caregiver, that could not exemplify the same work ethic men did. Women were and still are neglected the same rights men have. Since times have evolved women have fought for the rights they have. Yet even in the year 2015, men are still considered to beRead MoreWomen s Rights Of Gender Equality And Women1005 Words   |  5 PagesHistorically women have not been provided equal opportunities in competitive and collegiate sports. In the late 1800’s, social perception was that females were weak and although they were admired by men, they were treated like objects (Lumpkin, 2013). Competitive and collegiate sports were dominated by males, with little opportun ity for women to participate. Females eagerly wanted to participate, however sports were perceived inappropriate which would put their femininity in question and putRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay1506 Words   |  7 Pages All men and women were created equal. However, this obvious truth is not universally shared. Fortunately, there is a very real fight for gender equality that we are currently engaged in, and a participant in that fight that holds a fundamental role are non-governmental organizations (NGOs). NGOs exist as private, voluntary organizations that function without government restriction and bias because they are not for profit and not funded by the government. These organizations coordinate strategiesRead MoreWomen s Rights For Gender Equality1441 Words   |  6 PagesWhatever women do, they must do twice as well as men to be thought half as good. Luckily, this is not difficult (Charlotte Whitton). Women’s rights promote an equality between men and women. Equality between males and females would be both genders being treated equal and fair in all aspects of life. Many people have been fighting for centuries to transform women’s rights. Women’s rights regarding job opportunities, military advancements and pay gaps have transformed over centuries and need to continueRead MoreWomen s Rights And Gender Equality Essay2428 Words   |  10 Pagesmay not even bring anything or anyone significant to mind. But no matter what thoughts arise through them, all three of these words represent an ideology, and two of them commonly have to do with diet. Feminism, or the advocacy of women’s rights and gender equality, and veganism, or the lifestyle and diet of avoiding animal products, are widely known and decently popular. However, locavorism, which is the lifestyle and diet of purchasing and eating locally and sustainably grown food in order to helpRead MoreGender Equality And Women s Rights1274 Words   |  6 Pages Women in the world still face discrimination and gender equality takes action to achieve women’s rights. AAUW provides and gives women the chance to have an education, while Catalyst reaches out to women to carry out equal pay, equal participation in the workplace, and remove discrimination. UN Women attains to human rights for women. Throughout history women have fought for gender equality in the workplace and in education, and every year organizations like AAUW, Catalyst, and UN Women haveRead MoreWomen s Rights Is The Fight For Equality1083 Words   |  5 PagesWomen’s rights is the fight for the idea that women should have equal rights with men. Over history, this has taken the form of gaining property rights, the women’s suffrage, or the right of women to vote, reproductive rights, and the right to work for for equal pay. Women were conditioned to be treated like second class citizens solely because of their gender until a crucial movement in Amer ican history during the late nineteenth century that would inspire a long fight for equality for generations

Microsoft vs Foss Free Essays

Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Holly Stark ITT Technical IT 302 Abstract This paper takes an in depth look at the claims from Microsoft that FOSS (Free and Open Source Software) committed patent infringement in 2006. It also discusses how the events have impacted FOSS, whether negatively or positively and how the actions have changed both since 2006. Microsoft’s Foss Patent Infringement Free software is wonderful and corporate America seems to love it. We will write a custom essay sample on Microsoft vs Foss or any similar topic only for you Order Now It’s often high-quality stuff that can be downloaded free off the Internet and then copied at will. It’s versatile – it can be customized to perform almost any large-scale computing task – and best of all its crash-resistant. More than half the companies in the Fortune 500 are thought to be using the free operating system Linux in their data centers. In 2006, Microsoft cast a shadow over Free and Open Source Software by alleging that they had violated 235 patents such as the Linux kernel, Samba, OpenOffice. org and others. Foss’s legal representative Eben Moglen contended that software is a mathematical algorithm and, as such, not patentable. Parloff, R. 2007) But what of Microsoft’s claims? Are they valid? But first to answer that you need to understand what a patent really is. A patent is essentially a limited monopoly whereby the patent holder is granted the exclusive right to make, use, and sell the patented innovation for a limited period of time. Granting exclusive rights to the inventor is intended to encourage the investment of time and re sources into the development of new and useful discoveries. Once the term of protection has ended, the patented innovation enters the public domain. The problem of the patentability of software has become one of the most debated issues with regards to open source software. The Supreme Court stated in a unanimous opinion that patents have been issued too readily for the past two decades, and lots are probably invalid. For a variety of technical reasons, many dispassionate observers suspect that software patents are especially vulnerable to court challenge. This ruling works in FOSS’s favor. Patents can be invalidated in court on numerous grounds; others can easily be â€Å"invented around. Still others might be valid, yet not infringed under the particular circumstances. FOSS has some well known patrons working in its corner as well. In 2005, six of them – IBM (Charts, Fortune 500), Sony, Philips, Novell, Red Hat (Charts) and NEC – set up the Open Invention Network (OIN) to acquire a portfolio of patents that might pose problems for companies like Microsoft, which are known to pose a patent threat to Linux. S o if Microsoft ever sued Linux distributor Red Hat for patent infringement, for instance, OIN might sue Microsoft in retaliation, trying to enjoin distribution of Windows. Parloff, R. 2007) A preliminary legal analysis of FOSS licenses conducted seems to suggest that the novel licensing model used by FOSS is legally valid, a fact that lends substantial credit to the movement. Other indications as to the soundness of the licenses are also encouraging; a ruling in Germany that has recognized the validity of the General Public License (GPL) ( J. Hoppner,2004), which further serves to stress that FOSS is a global phenomenon that is revolutionizing the entire field of software development. Microsoft realized that something had to change when it comes to patents. They basically had three choices. They could do nothing, it could start suing other companies to stop them from using its patents, or, they could begin licensing its patents to other companies in exchange for either royalties or access to their patents (a â€Å"cross-licensing† deal). They chose to do the latter. In December 2003, Microsoft’s new licensing unit opened for business, and soon the company had signed cross-licensing pacts with such tech firms as Sun, Toshiba, SAP and Siemens. On November 2, 2006, Microsoft went public and announced a partnership with Novell to collaborate to help Microsoft’s Windows, a proprietary operating system, work with Novell’s Suse Linux, which is based on open-source code. In addition, the software makers struck a deal on patents designed to give customers peace of mind about using Novell’s open-source products. This partnership made Novell the only company in the industry that was able to provide the customer not only with the code to run Linux, but also with a patent covenant from Microsoft. Evers, Joris 2006) Some thought that it showed that Microsoft was kind of being forced to see Linux as a significant competitor and the FOSS model as a viable business model. (Upfold, Peter 2006) My personal opinion is that this was an attack on the open source community. Microsoft hasn’t actually changed its tune; it’s still actively attacking free software and trying to abolish GNU/Linux while promoting W indows and other proprietary software as though they are complementary to free software, which they are not. It’s PR nonsense and Microsoft is good at PR. Since then, Novell was sold in 2010 to Attachmate Corp. and a concurrent sale of certain intellectual property assets was sold to CPTN Holdings LLC, a consortium of technology companies organized by Microsoft Corporation. It plays right into the hands of Microsoft’s PR campaign, which strives for a fusion where Microsoft controls both sides of the competition and then derails the side which is less favorable to Microsoft. Microsoft has done that over and over again for many years and victims include giants like IBM and Apple. While FOSS licenses generally protect end user freedom in the realm of copyright, they have no effective protection against threats from software patents, especially from entities outside the FOSS community. In responding to the threat from software patent holders, the FOSS community has created innovative licensing schemes. ( Davidson, S. J 2006) Permissive licenses, such as the Apache licenses, have different patent rights clauses from reciprocal licenses, such as the MPL and GPL. In dealing with potential patent claims, GPL 2. has a â€Å"Freedom or Death† termination clause – â€Å"any patent must be licensed for everyone’s free use or not licensed at all. † GPL 2. 0 does not allow the development of software that requires any kind of license payments for third party patents. (Hacker. J. n. d. ) GPL 3. 0 was drafted to cope with global software patent threats and to provide compatibility with more non-GPL FOSS licenses. The current GPL draft 3. 0 keeps GPL 2. 0’s copyleft feature and includes new provisions addressing evolving computing issues, such as patent issues, free software license compatibility, and digital rights management (â€Å"DRM†). McMillan, R 2007) As of today, Microsoft is still attacking free software with two types of tactics. The tactics largely include litigation and the use of so-called Fear-Uncertainty-Doubt (FUD) tactics designed to undermine the popular perception of the open source philosophy. This year alone they have won several cases either outright, in appeal or countersuits against Motorola’s Android features. The rest of the FOSS community seems to be on edge and waiting to see what happens next. How to cite Microsoft vs Foss, Essay examples